The majority of approved therapies for many diseases are developed to target their underlying pathophysiology. Understanding disease pathophysiology has thus proven vital to the successful development of clinically useful medications. Stroke is gener...
The skin is the most-extensive and -abundant tissue in the human body. Like many organs, as we age, human skin experiences gradual atrophy in both the epidermis and dermis. This can be primarily attributed to the diminishing population of epidermal s...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory impairment. Many possible factors might contribute to the development of AD, including amyloid peptide and tau deposition...
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are global health crises with significant morbidity and mortality. Retatrutide, a novel triple receptor agonist targeting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP),...
In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the main mechanisms of pharmacological action of essential oils and their components in various biological systems. A brief introduction on essential oil chemistry is presented to...
One class of cosmetic compounds that have raised interest of many experts is peptides. The search for ingredients with good biocompatibility and bioactivity has led to the use of peptides in cosmetic products. Peptides are novel active ingredients th...
Serum creatinine levels are the most used clinical marker to estimate renal function as the glomerular function rate because it is simple, fast, and inexpensive. However, creatinine has limitations, as its levels can be influenced by factors such as...
Worldwide, nearly 40% of adults are overweight and 13% are obese. Health consequences of excess weight include cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and increased mortality. Treating obesity is challenging and calorie restriction of...
The antioxidant defense mechanisms play a critical role in mitigating the deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Catalase stands out as a paramount enzymatic antioxidant. It efficiently catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide...
Peptides continue to gain significance in the pharmaceutical arena. Since the unveiling of insulin in 1921, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has authorised around 100 peptides for various applications. Peptides, although initially derived from...
Polydeoxyribonucleotides (PDRNs) and polynucleotides (PNs) are similar DNA-derived biopolymers that have garnered significant scientific attention since the 1990s for their potential applications in wound healing and skin rejuvenation. These biopolym...
Drug metabolism is a major determinant of drug concentrations in the body. Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) caused by the co-administration of multiple drugs can lead to alteration in the exposure of the victim drug, raising safety or effectiveness conc...
Quercetin, a flavonoid found in vegetables and fruits, has been extensively studied for its health benefits and disease management. Its role in the prevention of various pathogenesis has been well-documented, primarily through its ability to inhibit...
Physical activity highly impacts the neuroendocrine system and hormonal secretion. Numerous variables, both those related to the individual, including genetics, age, sex, biological rhythms, nutritional status, level of training, intake of drugs or s...
The use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) has brought a significant progress in the management of cardiovascular diseases, considered clinically superior to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) particularly in the prevention and treatme...
Chronic neuropathic pain (NP) is an increasingly prevalent disease and leading cause of disability which is challenging to treat. Several distinct classes of drugs are currently used for the treatment of chronic NP, but each drug targets only narrow...
Plants uptake and assimilate nitrogen from the soil in the form of nitrate, ammonium ions, and available amino acids from organic sources. Plant nitrate and ammonium transporters are responsible for nitrate and ammonium translocation from the soil in...
Recent advancements in AI-driven technologies, particularly in protein structure prediction, are significantly reshaping the landscape of drug discovery and development. This review focuses on the question of how these technological breakthroughs, ex...
Lipid peroxidation (LP) is the most important type of oxidative-radical damage in biological systems, owing to its interplay with ferroptosis and to its role in secondary damage to other biomolecules, such as proteins. The chemistry of LP and its bio...
Cellular senescence is a fundamental mechanism in aging, marked by irreversible growth arrest and diverse functional changes, including, but not limited to, the development of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). While transient senesc...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a key molecule in promoting neurogenesis, dendritic and synaptic health, neuronal survival, plasticity, and excitability, all of which are disrupted in neurological and cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer...
Cyanide (CN) is a well-known mitochondrial poison. CN poisoning may result from acute or long-term exposure to a number of CN compounds. Recent insight into the chemical affinities of the CN anion has increased our understanding of its toxicity and t...
Spermatogenesis is a complex and highly regulated process involving the proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of germ cells. This process is controlled by various hormonal, genetic, and environmental factors, including temperature. In hormona...
Elevations in fructose consumption have been reported to contribute significantly to an increased incidence of obesity and metabolic diseases in industrial countries. Mechanistically, a high fructose intake leads to the dysregulation of glucose, trig...
Microglia, as resident macrophages in the central nervous system, play a multifunctional role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Their clustering around amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits is a core pathological feature of AD. Recen...
Antibiotics targeting the bacterial ribosome are essential to combating bacterial infections. These antibiotics bind to various sites on the ribosome, inhibiting different stages of protein synthesis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of...
Depression is a multifactorial psychiatric condition with complex pathophysiology, increasingly linked to neuroinflammatory processes. The present review explores the role of neuroinflammation in depression, focusing on glial cell activation, cytokin...
Thyroid hormones (THs) are important modulators of many metabolic processes, being strictly associated with the control of energy balance, mainly through activities on the brain, white and brown adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, liver, and pancreas. I...
One of the well-known X-linked genetic disorders is hemophilia, which could be hemophilia A as a result of a mutation in the F8 (factor VIII) gene or hemophilia B as a result of a mutation in the F9 (factor IX) gene, leading to insufficient levels of...
The fundamental biological characteristics of tumor cells are characterized by irregularities in signaling and metabolic pathways, which are evident through increased glucose uptake, altered mitochondrial function, and the ability to evade growth sig...
Red blood cell (RBC) storage solutions have evolved significantly over the past decades to optimize the preservation of cell viability and functionality during hypothermic storage. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth analysis of the effect...
The RAS-ERK pathway is a fundamental signaling cascade crucial for many biological processes including proliferation, cell cycle control, growth, and survival; common across all cell types. Notably, ERK1/2 are implicated in specific processes in a co...
Cholestasis is a clinical and laboratory syndrome indicating impaired bile production or excretion. One of the hallmark symptoms of cholestasis is pruritus. Itch can be severe and debilitating for patients, impacting their quality of life similarly t...
Exercise can regulate the immune function, activate the activity of immune cells, and promote the health of the organism, but the mechanism is not clear. Skeletal muscle is a secretory organ that secretes bioactive substances known as myokines. Exerc...
Butyrate supplementation has gained considerable attention for its potential benefits in livestock, particularly concerning intestinal health and growth performance. This review synthesizes recent research on the diverse roles of butyrate, across var...
This study explores the neuropharmacological potential of various molecular and amino acid components derived from Syzygium aromaticum (clove), an aromatic spice with a long history of culinary and medicinal use. Key bioactive compounds such as eugen...
Red cell diseases encompass a group of inherited or acquired erythrocyte disorders that affect the structure, function, or production of red blood cells (RBCs). These disorders can lead to various clinical manifestations, including anemia, hemolysis,...
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), also known as premature menopause or premature ovarian failure, signifies the partial or complete loss of ovarian endocrine function and fertility before 40 years of age. This condition affects approximately 1%...
The growing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria within the human microbiome has become a pressing global health crisis. While antibiotics have revolutionized medicine by significantly reducing mortality and enabling advanced medical intervent...
Cardiometabolic diseases represent an escalating global health crisis, slowing or even reversing earlier declines in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Traditionally, conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), atherosclerotic C...
Pompe disease (PD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the GAA gene that lead to a deficiency in the acid alpha-glucosidase enzyme. Two clinical presentations are usually considered, named infantile-onset Pompe disease (IOPD) an...
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, driven by complex interactions among genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, with diet playing a pivotal role. Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO), a cornerstone of the Med...
Rosacea is a common inflammatory skin disease, characterized by erythema, papules and pustules. The pathophysiology of rosacea remains unclear, but the complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors may act as a trigger to an abnormal in...
Since the first discovery in 1989, the β3-adrenoceptor (β3-AR) has gained great attention because it showed the ability to regulate many physiologic and metabolic activities, such as thermogenesis and lipolysis in brown and white adipose ti...
Enkephalins, a subclass of endogenous opioid peptides, play a pivotal role in pain modulation. Enkephalins primarily exert their effects through opioid receptors located widely throughout both the central and peripheral nervous systems. This review w...
Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) and their cognate receptors, FGFRs, play pivotal roles in a plethora of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, tissue repair, and metabolic homeostasis. This review provides a comprehensi...
The prevalence of patients with hyperuricemia or gout is increasing worldwide. Hyperuricemia and gout are primarily attributed to genetic factors, along with lifestyle factors like consuming a purine-rich diet, alcohol and/or fructose intake, and phy...
Cannabis abuse has been linked to acute psychotic symptoms as well as to the development of schizophrenia. Although the association has been well described, causation has not yet been investigated. Therefore, we investigated whether cannabis or canna...
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease in which treatment often includes an exercise regimen. Exercise is neuroprotective in animal models of PD, and, more recently, human clinical studies have verified exercise&rsquo...
Astrocytes are one of the key glial types of the central nervous system (CNS), accounting for over 20% of total glial cells in the brain. Extensive evidence has established their indispensable functions in the maintenance of CNS homeostasis, as well...
