Diagnostics, Volume 16, Issue 12

Objective: To evaluate the association of routine complete blood count (CBC)-derived inflammatory biomarkers, including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and systemic inflamm...

Background: Vertebrogenic low back pain (LBP) is a distinct subtype of chronic LBP (cLBP) arising from nociceptive sensitization of the basivertebral nerve (BVN) within pathologically altered vertebral endplates. Modic type 1 and type 2 changes on MR...

Background and Clinical Significance: Carcinoid heart disease (CHD) is an uncommon valvular manifestation of neuroendocrine tumours, usually affecting right-sided cardiac valves. Left-sided involvement is rare and is generally associated with broncho...

Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a rare congenital anomaly with exceptional survival into adulthood. We present a 66-year-old woman with chest and back pain in whom ALCAPA was diagnosed using coronary computed tomo...

Background/Objectives: Survival prediction in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains challenging, particularly in limited-sample settings where end-to-end deep learning models may suffer from limited generalization. This study aimed to develop a...

Background/Objectives: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is caused by spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage and is typically diagnosed by clinical presentation and characteristic MRI signs; however, objective tools for monitoring physiolo...

Background: Electroencephalography (EEG) signals are widely used for monitoring anesthesia depth during surgery. Current commercial indicators are largely closed-source and may reflect dynamic changes with some delay. Methods: This study proposes a m...

Background/Objectives: To derive and validate a simplified modification of the Haigis intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formula by reducing the three-constant effective lens position (ELP) model to a single constant while introducing an optimi...

Early rectal cancer represents a challenging setting in which accurate locoregional staging is essential to guide appropriate treatment. Current diagnostic strategies primarily include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)....

The oncocytic variant of adrenocortical carcinoma (OACC) represents an exceptional type of adrenal malignancy, with heterogenous presentation. Currently, the genetic and molecular spectrum remains an open matter. A 20-year-old adult was accidentally...

Background/Objectives: Pes planus and pes cavus are common foot deformities, which may lead to pain, functional limitations, and impairment of foot biomechanics. While calcaneal pitch, talar declination, and Meary angles, commonly used in diagnosis,...

Objectives: Peripheral nerve ultrasound is used to evaluate nerve enlargement in immune-mediated neuropathies; however, assessment can be challenging because the distribution and severity of nerve enlargement vary among patients and are often accompa...

Background/Objectives: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a biologically heterogeneous disease. Beyond VHL inactivation, alterations in chromatin remodeling genes BAP1 and PBRM1 define distinct tumor phenotypes with prognostic implications. W...

Objectives: Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown potential for medical image classification. We evaluated four optimization strategies in two MLLMs—GPT-4o (gpt-4o-2024-08-06) and Gemini 2.5 Flash-Lite—for ultrasound-based t...

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major driver of anogenital disease and virus-related carcinogenesis. Although most infections resolve spontaneously, persistent infection with high-risk genotypes may progress to high-grade squamous intraepit...

Background/Objectives: Respiratory tract symptoms, urinary symptoms, and acute fevers frequently prompt emergency urgent care visits. Distinguishing bacterial from viral or non-bacterial etiology remains difficult because clinical features overlap an...

Background/Objectives: Paranasal sinus morphometry on computed tomography (CT) is of interest for forensic sex estimation, but many published predictive models rely on in-sample formulas without cross-validation, external testing, or release of model...

Objectives. Hemolysis significantly interferes with insulin measurements in clinical settings, leading to inaccurate results. Although the activity of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is assumed to be the primary mechanism, the potential involvement of...

Background and Clinical Significance: Childhood-onset Sjögren’s disease (cSjD) is a rare autoimmune disorder that remains challenging to diagnose because of its heterogeneous clinical presentation and the frequent absence of classic sicca...

Background: Metastases to the uterine cervix from extragenital malignancies represent uncommon clinical events, with breast invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) documented as the predominant primary source in reported literature. Objectives/Aim: To chara...

The rapid expansion of molecular point-of-care (POC) diagnostics into decentralized settings, including emergency departments, retail pharmacies, and home environments, has shifted the burden of diagnostic performance from laboratory professionals to...

Background/Objectives: Limited research has evaluated the association between the triglyceride-to-high-density lipoprotein (TG/HDL) ratio and premature coronary artery disease (PCAD), particularly in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aimed to inves...

Background and Clinical Significance: Left ventricular free-wall rupture (LVFWR) is a rare but devastating mechanical complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), with reported in-hospital mortality approaching 90% without surgical intervention...

Background: Cardiac point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is widely used in emergency and acute care settings. Still, broader use remains limited by operator dependence and variability in image acquisition and interpretation. Artificial intelligence (AI),...

Background/Objectives: The role of the endometrial microbiome in reproductive failure remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to describe the composition of the endometrial microbiome in women evaluated for infertility or recurrent miscarri...

Background/Objectives: A macular hole represents a significant surgical condition in an increasingly aging population. Advances in surgical techniques, particularly pars plana vitrectomy with inverted internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap, have estab...

Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping the field of diagnostic radiology; however, its applications in interventional radiology and pediatric interventional radiology (PIR) remain limited despite clear clinical needs and the rich multimodal data e...

Background/Objectives: There remains a need for additional prognostic markers in classic follicular lymphoma (cFL) to identify aggressive disease. Immunohistochemical stains such as Ki-67, MYC, and p53 have shown variable associations with histologic...

Background: Breast clip marker movement after ultrasound-guided biopsy can negatively affect lesion re-localisation rates and surgical outcomes, underscoring the need for improved understanding of the factors influencing clip displacement. Thus, this...

Background: Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) enables noninvasive, high-resolution visualization of skin tumors and may improve preoperative margin assessment in nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC). However, its impact on surgical outcomes in routine...

Background/Objectives: Given the limited evidence on multi-distance visual function assessment in presbyopia, this study aimed to compare dynamic binocular visual function between presbyopic and non-presbyopic (NP) participants at different distances...

Background/Objectives: Accurate tissue diagnosis of small pulmonary nodules remains technically challenging with conventional bronchoscopic techniques. Radial probe endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (RP-EBUS–guided...

Background/Objectives: Given rising lung cancer incidence and limited data on pulmonologist-performed ultrasound-guided transthoracic core biopsy (US-TTCB), in this study, we evaluated diagnostic yield and safety for pleural or pulmonary lung masses,...

Background: Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) before 32 weeks of gestation with prolonged latency is associated with substantial neonatal morbidity, including Dry Lung Syndrome (DLS), pulmonary hypoplasia (PH), bronchopulmonary dysplasia...

Background/Objectives: Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) remains a leading cause of maternal morbidity, and the relationship between labour-induction duration and haemorrhagic risk has not been translated into a practical intrapartum risk-stratification f...

Background/Objectives: Primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL), including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, share substantial overlap in ultrasound appearance with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT),...

Background/Objectives: This review describes the advantages of new photonic-based approaches for assessing the activity of caries lesions. Many lesions have been arrested or are non-carious developmental defects, such as fluorosis, which do not requi...

Background/Objectives: Nowadays, lymph node assessment represents a key component in the surgical staging of endometrial cancer, as sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping increased in adoption as an alternative to lymphadenectomy. This study aimed to comp...

Background/objectives: Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) is a frequent and morbid complication in catheter-dependent maintenance hemodialysis, and rapid risk stratification is needed while awaiting cultures. This study aimed to evaluate...

Background: Increasing evidence suggests that schizophrenia may be associated with peripheral immune–inflammatory alterations, although the distributional characteristics and heterogeneity of routinely available complete blood count (CBC)-deriv...

Background/Objectives: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often present with peripheral arterial stiffness (PAS), which is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. This study assessed the association between circulating osteoproteger...

Background/Objectives: Although vascular mechanisms are increasingly implicated in the etiology of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL), the inability to directly visualize the labyrinthine artery remains a diagnostic obstacle. Sharing embryolog...

Background and Clinical Significance: Liver cancer incidence increases with age, and surgical resection remains the primary curative option for early-to-intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma. In elderly patients, multimorbidity and frailty complicate...

Background/Objectives: The stool DNA-based SDC2 methylation (meSDC2) test has emerged as a promising noninvasive tool for the early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to validate the clinical performance of the meSDC2 test for CRC...

Background/Objectives: While satisfactory glycaemic control is possible with specialist care from a diabetologist and modern therapies, women with type 1 diabetes are still subject to poorer obstetric outcomes, even with optimal management. Methods:...

Renal tubular disorders are often overlooked causes of acquired or inherited bone hypomineralization and fragility fractures in adults. The proximal tubule reabsorbs glucose, phosphate, low-molecular-weight proteins, amino acids, bicarbonate, and muc...

Background/Objectives: Hysteroscopy is the gold standard for visualization and treatment of intrauterine pathology. Because hysteroscopic interpretation remains operator-dependent, artificial intelligence (AI) has been evaluated as a tool to improve...

Background: Although diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) based on anatomical regions are widely used in computed tomography (CT) imaging, a clinical-indication-based approach provides a more accurate representation of daily practice and protocol varia...

Osteoporotic vertebral fractures (OVFs) are the most common fragility fractures, representing a substantial burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Although up to 30% of OVFs may be clinically silent, a subset of patients experiences an unfavorable c...

Background: Myocardial scar segmentation from late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) images plays an important role in cardiac disease assessment and prognosis evaluation. However, accurate scar annotation is labor-intensi...